Copy of summing

(V0/V1) = (R1 + Rf)/R1 = 1 + (Rf/R1) SUMMING AMPLIFIER The Summing Amplifier is another type of operational amplifier circuit configuration that is used to combine the voltages present on two or more inputs into a single output voltage. If we add more input resistors to the input of an inverting amplifier, each equal in value to the original input resistor, (Rin) we end up with another operational amplifier circuit called a Summing Amplifier, “summing inverter” or even a “voltage adder” circuit. The circuit has a three-input summing amplifier circuit, which provides a means of algebraically summing (adding) three voltages, each multiplied by a constant-gain factor. We can express the output voltage in terms of the inputs as: V0 = [ -{( Rf/R1)V1 + (Rf/R2)V2 + (Rf/R3)V3} ] Thus, each input adds a voltage to the output multiplied by its separate constant-gain multiplier. If more inputs are used, they each add an additional component to the output. INTEGRATOR The Op-amp Integrator is an operational amplifier circuit that performs the mathematical operation of integration, that is we can cause the output to respond to changes in the input voltage over time as the op-amp integrator produces an output voltage which is proportional to the integral of the input voltage. The magnitude of the output signal is determined by the length of time a voltage is present at its input as the current through the feedback loop charges or discharges the capacitor as the required negative feedback occurs through the capacitor. If the feedback component used is a capacitor, the resulting connection is called an integrator. The output voltage of this circuit is expressed as, v0(t) = -(1/RC) ∫v1(t)dt APEKSHA SHAH 21BCP245 The resistor value along with the capacitor determine the slope of charging/ discharging which determines the timing. Most importantly, if it is a feedback resistance of an op-amp integrator, this resistor is the most pivotal, vital component since it keeps the op-amp in its linear region. DIFFERENTIATOR A differentiator circuit (also known as a differentiating amplifier or inverting differentiator) consists of an operational amplifier in which a resistor R provides negative feedback and a capacitor is used at the input side. The circuit is based on the capacitor's current to voltage relationship. v0(t) = -RC (dv1(t)/dt)